Reference Guide

This manual provides a detailed list of all the input keywords and options available in Radioss.

This chapter covers the following:

• File Extensions and Formats (p. 14)

• Single File Input (p. 16)

• New Keywords in 2022 (p. 17)

• Starter Input (p. 20)

• Engine Input (p. 2744)

• LS-DYNA Input (p. 3080)

• Optimization Keywords (p. 3370)

• Multi-Domain (p. 3469)

• Other Files (p. 3481)

• Definitions (p. 3511)

Altair Radioss 2022

File Extensions and Formats

Radioss format 2022 uses the 12x extension format.

4x Extension Format	12x Extension Format	Type	Format	Remark	Readby	Written by
RunnameD00	Runname_0000.rad	Starter input	ASCII		Starter	Hyper Crash HyperMesh
N/A	Runname.radopt (13x extension)	Optim ization Input	ASCII		Opti Struct	Hyp erCrash HyperMesh
RunnameDnn	Runname_run#.rad	Engine input	ASCII		Engine	Hyp erCrash HyperMesh
RunnameRnn	Runname_run#_cpu # [_C].rst	Restart file	Any	Default binary	Engine	Starter Engine
RunnameAnnn	RunnameAnnn	Animation	IEEE binary		HyperView	Engine
N/A	Runname.h3d	Animation	H3D		HyperView	Engine (starting in 2018) or HvTrans through run script
RunnameTnn	if Radioss Engine option /TH/VERS/41 is used (default): RunnameTnn if Radioss Engine option /TH/VERS/51 is used: Runname_run#.thy	Time history	Any	Default IEEE binary	Hyper Graph	Engine
RunnameTnnx	if Radioss Engine option /TH/VERS/41 is used (default): RunnameTnnx if Radioss Engine option /TH/VERS/51 is used: Runname_run#_x.thy “x”: letter (a to i)	Time history	Any	Default IEEE binary	Hyper Graph	Engine
Runname@Tnn	Runname_run#_@thy	MNOISE file	Any		Hyper Graph	Engine
RunnameLnn	Runname_run#.out	Listing	ASCII			Engine
RunnameYnnn	Runname_nnnn.sty or RunnameYnnn according to /IOFLAG if Irooty = 2: RunnameYnnn if Irooty ≠ 2: Runname_run#.sty	Output	ASCII		Starter	Engine
N/A	Runname_nnn#.sta	State file	ASCII		Starter	Engine
	Runname_nn.dynain	State file with LS- DYNA format	ASCII
RunnameCnn	Runname_run#.ctl	Control file	ASCII		Engine	User

Comments

1. Max Runname length is 80 characters and the characters “/” and “\” may not be used.

2. run#: Radioss run number (four digits) from 0000 to 9999.

3. cpu #: number of SPMD processors (four digits) from 0001 to 9999.

4. C: restart letter (see /RFILE/n in the Radioss Engine Input manual).

5. In case of Single File Input, Engine options can be added into Starter file. See Single File Input for details.

6. Though the current version of Radioss is able to read 4.x extension input files, output files always follows 12.x extension format.

Single File Input

This format allows running either Starter or Engine with the same file.

Filename convention is ROOTNAME_0000.rad.

The file must start with:

#(blank) RADIOSS

The Engine options in the single file must be:

• Placed in the beginning of the single file

• Finish with /END/ENGINE

The Starter options must:

• Start with /BEGIN

• Finish with /END

Syntax has to be written as:

#(blank) RADIOSS

Engine options .

.

.

/END/ENGINE # # /BEGIN Starter options

.

.

.

/END

Comments

1. Engine options must be in the main file, #include is not supported in the Engine file.

2. In case of restart, it is sufficient to regenerate the Engine file alone.

3. Multiple Engine instances are not supported in the Single File Input.

New Keywords in 2022

New and modified features in Radioss.

2022

Note: Please print this page for future reference.

New Starter Keywords

• /EBCS/NRF - New boundary condition option generalized for all ALE material laws

• /EOS/IDEAL-GAS-VT - Ideal gas equation of state (volume – temperature)

• /FAIL/ORTHBIQUAD - Orthotropic strain-based failure model

• /INIBRI/EREF - Option to initialize solid element with total or small strain formulation

• /MAT/LAW114 (SPR_SEATBELT) - 1D seatbelt spring material set

• /MAT/LAW117 - Mixed mode with linear softening

• /MAT/LAW200 (MDS) - Multiscale Designer material law

• /PROP/TYPE27 (SPR_BDAMP) - Damper spring property with one translational DOF

• /RETRACTOR/SPRING - 1D retractor for seatbelt

• /SLIPRING/SPRING - 1D slipring for seatbelt elements

• /TH/RETRACTOR - Time history output for the retractor element (/RETRACTOR)

• /TH/SLIPRING - Time history output for the slipring element (/SLIPRING)

• /TH/TRIA - Time History output for the /TRIA element

Modified Starter Keywords

• /ALE/MAT, /EULER/MAT - Removed Flrd flag

• /FAIL/ALTER - Added new failure model based on Phd Thesis of Christopher Brokmann

• /FAIL/GURSON - Added parameter \(L_{e}^{MAX}\) for automatic non-local length computation

• /INIBRI/STRA_F and /INIBRI/STRA_FGLO - Added new fields nptr, npts, nptt, and nlay

• /INIBRI/STRS_F and /INIBRI/STRS_FGLO - Added new fields nptr, npts, nptt, nlay and grbric_ID

• /INTER/SUB - Added feature to scale the damping value function of time with user input function

• /LOAD/PBLAST - Added feature to correlate positive impulse in addition to positive peak pressure

• /MAT/LAW34 (BOLTZMAN) - Material compatible with shell (/SHELL and /SH3N) elements, beam elements (/BEAM) and truss elements (/TRUSS)

• /MAT/LAW35 (FOAM_VISC) - Added new strain rate filtering

• /MAT/LAW43 (HILL_TAB) - Added new strain-rate filtering parameters, \(F_{cut}\) and \(F_{smooth}\)

• /MAT/LAW57 (BARLAT3) - Added strain rate filtering

• /MAT/LAW78 - Added new parameters \(C_{1}^{KH}\) and \(C_{2}^{KH}\).

• /MAT/LAW80 - Enhanced with new developments in hot stamping/press hardening to better predict the martensite volume fraction

• /MAT/LAW83 - Added option \(I_{comp}=1\)

• /MAT/LAW87 (BARLAT2000) - Added new hardening formulation based on Chaboche & Rousselier formulation and Hansel formulation

• /MONVOL/FVMBAG1 and /MONVOL/FVMBAG2 - Added new option \(I_{swith} =2\)

• /PROP/TYPE9 (SH_ORTH), and /PROP/TYPE10 (SH_COMP) - Added new skew_ID and \(I_{p}\) flags

• /PROP/TYPE6 (SOL_ORTH), /PROP/TYPE11 (SH_SANDW), /PROP/TYPE16 (SH_FABR), /PROP/ TYPE51, and /STACK - Added new IP flag

• /SENSOR/ENERGY - Added new feature to activate the sensor with the total energy and new feature to activate the sensor when the internal and kinetic energy is constant for a defined time value.

• /TH/BRIC - Added new outputs for 3D solid element to display material velocity, speed of sound & Mach number in the time history file

• /TH/QUAD - Aded new outputs for 2D solid element to display material velocity, speed of sound & Mach number in the time history file

• /VISC/PRONY - Added new viscous model defined by time relaxation curve or Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). Radioss automatically fits the viscous parameters (prony series values).

New Engine Keywords

• /ALE/MUSCL/OFF - Disable MUSCL scheme

• /ANIM/VECT/PCONT2 and /ANIM/NODA/PCONT2 - Added new output option to display contact pressure for tied contact

• /H3D/RBE2/SINGLE_PART - Display all RBE2 in a single part

• /H3D/RBE3/SINGLE_PART - Display all RBE3 in a single part

• /H3D/RBODY/SINGLE_PART - Display all rigid bodies in a single part

• /H3D/SHELL/MDS/* and /H3D/SOLID/MDS/* - Added new .h3d output for the MDS material law

• /H3D/SHELL/PEXT and /H3D/SOLID/PEXT - Added new output to display the pressure imposed by the options /PLOAD, /LOAD/PFLUID, /LOAD/PBLAST and /BEM/DAA

• /H3D/RBE2/SINGLE_PART - Added new option in the native H3D output to display only 1 component for all RBE2s

• /H3D/RBE3/SINGLE_PART - Added new option in the native H3D output to display only 1 component for all RBE3s

• /H3D/RBODY/SINGLE_PART - Added new option in the native H3D output to display only 1 component for all RBODYs

• /INIV/AXIS/Keyword3/2 - Initialize rotational velocity about an axis and translational velocity on a node set

• /INIV/ROT/Keyword3/2 - Initialize rotational velocity in the specified direction X, Y or Z on a node set

• /INIV/TRA/Keyword3/2 - Initialize translational velocity in the specified direction X, Y or Z on a node set

• /STATE/BRICK/EREF - Added new option to output reference state for solid element with total or small strain formulation

Modified Engine Keywords

• /IMPL/QSTAT/MRIGM - Added new option to set 3 reference nodes for the rigid body mode computation.

• /INIV/AXIS/Keyword3/2, /INIV/ROT/Keyword3/2, /INIV/TRA/Keyword3/2 - Added new option to define initial velocity on a node set defined in the model.

• /STOP/LSENSOR - Added new flag to output state file with LS-DYNA format (.dynain).

New LS-DYNA Keywords

• *CONTACT_NODES_TO_SURFACE - Define nodes to surface contact interface.

• *DEFINE_TRANSFORMATION - Defines a node and entities transformation(s) used in \*INCLUDE_TRANSFORM

• *LOAD_GRAVITY_PART - Defines gravity load applied to a part or to a set of parts

• *LOAD_SHELL - Defines pressure load on a single shell element or on a set of shell elements

• *SET_BEAM_INTERSECT, *SET_DISCRETE_INTERSECT, *SET_NODE_INTERSECT,

*SET_SEGMENT_INTERSECT, *SET_SHELL_INTERSECT, *SET_SOLID_INTERSECT - Defines a set from the intersection of set lists of elements.

Modified LS-DYNA Keywords

• *CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY - Added available to set NSID=0

• *CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_GENERAL, *CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_NODES_TO_SURFACE, *CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE, *CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE, and *CONTACT_ERODING_SINGLE_SURFACE - Added parameter SOFT of the additional card A is read

• *DATABASE_BINARY_INTFOR - Option FILE is accounted for

• *INITIAL_VELOCITY - Exempted nodes are accounted for

• *SET_BEAM, *SET_DISCRETE, *SET_NODE, *SET_PART, *SET_SEGMENT, *SET_SHELL, and *SET_SOLID - Added option COLLECT.

• *SET_SEGMENT - Added GENERAL

Obsolete Keywords

• /SPMD

This manual provides a list of all the model definition keywords and options available in Radioss.

The Radioss Block Format is executed in two steps:

1. The Starter

2. The Engine

The Starter reads a Runname_0000.rad file that contains the model definition. The Starter diagnosis possible errors in the models and outputs a binary restart file.

The Engine executes the actual computation. It expects the binary file produced by the Starter plus a Runname_run#.rad input file in Radioss. The Engine Input describes the case control. The Engine produces output files for animation, plotting (time history), and restart.

Below is an alphabetical list of Block data entries.

#enddata

#include

#RADIOSS STARTER

/ACCEL

/ACTIV

/ADMAS

/ADMESH/GLOBAL

/ADMESH/SET

/ADMESH/STATE/SHELL

/ADMESH/STATE/SH3N

/ALE/BCS

/ALE/CLOSE

/ALE/GRID/DISP

/ALE/GRID/DONEA

/ALE/GRID/LAPLACIAN

/ALE/GRID/SPRING

/ALE/GRID/STANDARD

/ALE/GRID/VOLUME

/ALE/GRID/ZERO

/ALE/LINK/VEL

/ALE/MAT

/ALE/MUSCL

/ALE/SOLVER/FINT

/AMS

/ANALY

/ANIM/VERS

/BCS

/BCS/CYCLIC

/BCS/LAGMUL

/BEAM

/BEGIN

/BEM/DAA

/BEM/FLOW

/BOX

/BOX/BOX

/BRICK

/BRIC20

/CHECK/RFILE/OFF

/CLOAD

/CLUSTER

/CNODE

/CONVEC

/CYL_JOINT

/DAMP

/DAMP/INTER

/DEF_SHELL

/DEF_SOLID

/DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE2

/DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE7

/DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE11

/DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE19

/DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE24

/DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE25

/DFS/DETCORD

/DFS/DETLINE

/DFS/DETLINE/NODE

/DFS/DETPLAN

/DFS/DETPLAN/NODE

/DFS/DETPOINT

/DFS/DETPOINT/NODE

/DFS/LASER

/DFS/WAV_SHA

/DRAPE

/EBCS

/EBCS/FLUXOUT

/EBCS/INLET

/EBCS/MONVOL

/EBCS/NRF

/EIG

/ENCRYPT

/END

/EOS/COMPACTION

/EOS/GRUNEISEN

/EOS/IDEAL-GAS or /EOS/IDEAL-GAS-VE

/EOS/IDEAL-GAS-VT

/EOS/LINEAR

/EOS/LSZK

/EOS/MURNAGHAN

/EOS/NASG

/EOS/NOBLE-ABEL

/EOS/OSBORNE

/EOS/POLYNOMIAL

/EOS/PUFF

/EOS/SESAME

/EOS/STIFF-GAS

/EOS/TILLOTSON

/EREF

/EULER/MAT

/FAIL

/FAIL/ALTER

/FAIL/BIQUAD

/FAIL/CHANG

/FAIL/COCKCROFT

/FAIL/CONNECT

/FAIL/EMC

/FAIL/ENERGY

/FAIL/FABRIC

/FAIL/FLD

/FAIL/GURSON

/FAIL/HASHIN

/FAIL/HC_DSSE

/FAIL/JOHNSON

/FAIL/LAD_DAMA

/FAIL/MULLINS_OR

/FAIL/NXT

/FAIL/ORTHBIQUAD

/FAIL/ORTHSTRAIN

/FAIL/PUCK

/FAIL/SNCONNECT

/FAIL/SPALLING

/FAIL/TAB1

/FAIL/TBUTCHER

/FAIL/TENSSTRAIN

/FAIL/USERi

/FAIL/VISUAL

/FAIL/WIERZBICKI

/FAIL/WILKINS

/FRAME/FIX

/FRAME/MOV

/FRAME/MOV2

/FRAME/NOD

/FRIC_ORIENT

/FRICTION

/FUNC_2D

/FUNCT

/FUNCT_SMOOTH

/FXBODY

/GAUGE

/GAUGE/SPH

/GJOINT

/GRAV

/GRBEAM

/GRBRIC

/GRNOD

/GRPART

/GRQUAD

/GRSH3N

/GRSHEL

/GRSPRI

/GRTRIA

/GRTRUS

/HEAT/MAT

/IMPACC

/IMPDISP

/IMPDISP/FGEO

/IMPFLUX

/IMPLICIT

/IMPTEMP

/IMPVEL

/IMPVEL/FGEO

/IMPVEL/LAGMUL

/INIBEAM/AUX

/INIBEAM/FULL

/INIBRI

/INICRACK

/INIGRAV

/INIMAP1D

/INIMAP1D/FILE

/INIMAP2D

/INIMAP2D/FILE

/INIQUA

/INIQUA/DENS

/INIQUA/ENER

/INIQUA/EPSP

/INIQUA/STRESS

/INISHE/AUX

/INISH3/AUX

/INISHE/EPSP

/INISH3/EPSP

/INISHE/EPSP_F

/INISH3/EPSP_F

/INISHE/FAIL

/INISHE/ORTH_LOC

/INISH3/ORTH_LOC

/INISHE/ORTHO

/INISH3/ORTHO

/INISHE/SCALE_YLD

/INISH3/SCALE_YLD

/INISPRI/FULL

/INISHE/STRA_F

/INISH3/STRA_F

/INISHE_STRA_F/GLOB

/INISH3_STRA_F/GLOB

/INISHE/STRS_F

/INISH3/STRS_F

/INISHE/STRS_F/GLOB

/INISH3/STRS_F/GLOB

/INISHE/THICK

/INISH3/THICK

/INISPRI/FULL

/INISTA

/INITEMP

/INITRUSS/FULL

/INIVEL

/INIVEL/AXIS

/INIVEL/FVM

/INIVEL/NODE

/INIVOL

/INTER/HERTZ/TYPE17

/INTER/LAGDT/TYPE7

/INTER/LAGMUL/TYPE2

/INTER/LAGMUL/TYPE7

/INTER/LAGMUL/TYPE16

/INTER/LAGMUL/TYPE17

/INTER/SUB

/INTER/TYPE1

/INTER/TYPE2

/INTER/TYPE3

/INTER/TYPE5

/INTER/TYPE6

/INTER/TYPE7

/INTER/TYPE8

/INTER/TYPE9

/INTER/TYPE10

/INTER/TYPE11

/INTER/TYPE12

/INTER/TYPE14

/INTER/TYPE15

/INTER/TYPE18

/INTER/TYPE19

/INTER/TYPE21

/INTER/TYPE22

/INTER/TYPE23

/INTER/TYPE24

/INTER/TYPE25

/IOFLAG

/KEY

/LAGMUL

/LEAK/MAT

/LINE

/LOAD/CENTRI

/LOAD/PBLAST

/LOAD/PFLUID

/MADYMO/EXFEM

/MAT/B-K-EPS

/MAT/GAS

/MAT/LAW0 (VOID)

/MAT/LAW1 (ELAST)

/MAT/LAW2 (PLAS_JOHNS)

/MAT/PLAS_ZERIL

/MAT/LAW3 (HYDPLA)

/MAT/LAW4 (HYD_JCOOK)

/MAT/LAW5 (JWL)

/MAT/LAW6 (HYDRO or HYD_VISC)

/MAT/K-EPS

/MAT/LAW10 (DPRAG1)

/MAT/LAW11 (BOUND)

/MAT/LAW12 (3D_COMP)

/MAT/LAW14 (COMPSO)

/MAT/LAW15 (CHANG)

/MAT/LAW16 (GRAY)

/MAT/LAW18 (THERM)

/MAT/LAW19 (FABRI)

/MAT/LAW20 (BIMAT)

/MAT/LAW21 (DPRAG)

/MAT/LAW22 (DAMA)

/MAT/LAW23 (PLAS_DAMA)

/MAT/LAW24 (CONC)

/MAT/LAW25 (COMPSH)

/MAT/LAW26 (SESAM)

/MAT/LAW27 (PLAS_BRIT)

/MAT/LAW28 (HONEYCOMB)

/MAT/LAW32 (HILL)

/MAT/LAW33 (FOAM_PLAS)

/MAT/LAW34 (BOLTZMAN)

/MAT/LAW35 (FOAM_VISC)

/MAT/LAW36 (PLAS_TAB)

/MAT/LAW37 (BIPHAS)

/MAT/LAW38 (VISC_TAB)

/MAT/LAW40 (KELVINMAX)

/MAT/LAW41 (LEE_TARVER)

/MAT/LAW42 (OGDEN)

/MAT/LAW43 (HILL_TAB)

/MAT/LAW44 (COWPER)

/MAT/LAW46 (LES_FLUID)

/MAT/LAW48 (ZHAO)

/MAT/LAW49 (STEINB)

/MAT/LAW50 (VISC_HONEY)

/MAT/LAW51 (MULTIMAT)

/MAT/LAW52 (GURSON)

/MAT/LAW53 (TSAI_TAB)

/MAT/LAW54 (PREDIT)

/MAT/LAW57 (BARLAT3)

/MAT/LAW58 (FABR_A)

/MAT/LAW59 (CONNECT)

/MAT/LAW60 (PLAS_T3)

/MAT/LAW62 (VISC_HYP)

/MAT/LAW63 (HANSEL)

/MAT/LAW64 (UGINE_ALZ)

/MAT/LAW65 (ELASTOMER)

/MAT/LAW66

/MAT/LAW68 (COSSER)

/MAT/LAW69

/MAT/LAW70 (FOAM_TAB)

/MAT/LAW71

/MAT/LAW72 (HILL_MMC)

/MAT/LAW73

/MAT/LAW74

/MAT/LAW75 (POROUS)

/MAT/LAW76 (SAMP)

/MAT/LAW77

/MAT/LAW78

/MAT/LAW79 (JOHN_HOLM)

/MAT/LAW80

/MAT/LAW81

/MAT/LAW82

/MAT/LAW83

/MAT/LAW84

/MAT/LAW87 (BARLAT2000)

/MAT/LAW88

/MAT/LAW90

/MAT/LAW92

/MAT/LAW93 (ORTH_HILL) or (CONVERSE)

/MAT/LAW94 (YEOH)

/MAT/LAW95 (BERGSTROM_BOYCE)

/MAT/LAW97 (JWLB)

/MAT/LAW100 (MNF)

/MAT/LAW101

/MAT/LAW102 (DPRAG2)

/MAT/LAW103 (HENSEL-SPITTEL)

/MAT/LAW104 (JOHNS_VOCE_DRUCKER)

/MAT/LAW106 (JCOOK_ALM)

/MAT/LAW108 (SPR_GENE)

/MAT/LAW109

/MAT/LAW110 (VEGTER)

/MAT/LAW111

/MAT/LAW112 (PAPER or XIA)

/MAT/LAW113 (SPR_BEAM)

/MAT/LAW114 (SPR_SEATBELT)

/MAT/LAW115 (DESHFLECK)

/MAT/LAW116

/MAT/LAW117

/MAT/LAW151 (MULTIFLUID)

/MAT/LAW200 (MDS)

/MAT/PLAS_PREDEF

/MAT/USERij

/MERGE/RBODY

/MONVOL/AIRBAG1

/MONVOL/AREA

/MONVOL/COMMU1

/MONVOL/FVMBAG1

/MONVOL/FVMBAG2

/MONVOL/GAS

/MONVOL/LFLUID

/MONVOL/PRES

/MOVE_FUNCT

/MPC

/NBCS

/NODE

/PARAMETER

/PART

/PENTA6

/PERTURB

/PERTURB/FAIL/BIQUAD

/PERTURB/PART/SHELL

/PERTURB/PART/SOLID

/PLOAD

/PLY

/PRELOAD

/PROP/INJECT1

/PROP/INJECT2

/PROP/PCOMPP

/PROP/TYPE0 (VOID)

/PROP/TYPE1 (SHELL)

/PROP/TYPE2 (TRUSS)

/PROP/TYPE3 (BEAM)

/PROP/TYPE4 (SPRING)

/PROP/TYPE6 (SOL_ORTH)

/PROP/TYPE8 (SPR_GENE)

/PROP/TYPE9 (SH_ORTH)

/PROP/TYPE10 (SH_COMP)

/PROP/TYPE11 (SH_SANDW)

/PROP/TYPE12 (SPR_PUL)

/PROP/TYPE13 (SPR_BEAM)

/PROP/TYPE14 (SOLID)

/PROP/TYPE14 (FLUID)

/PROP/TYPE15 (POROUS)

/PROP/TYPE16 (SH_FABR)

/PROP/TYPE17 (STACK)

/PROP/TYPE18 (INT_BEAM)

/PROP/TYPE19 (PLY)

/PROP/TYPE20 (TSHELL)

/PROP/TYPE21 (TSH_ORTH)

/PROP/TYPE22 (TSH_COMP)

/PROP/TYPE23 (SPR_MAT)

/PROP/TYPE25 (SPR_AXI)

/PROP/TYPE26 (SPR_TAB)

/PROP/TYPE27 (SPR_BDAMP)

/PROP/TYPE28 (NSTRAND)

/PROP/TYPE29, /PROP/TYPE30 or /PROP/TYPE31

/PROP/TYPE32 (SPR_PRE)

/PROP/TYPE33 (KJOINT)

/PROP/TYPE34 (SPH)

/PROP/TYPE35 (STITCH)

/PROP/TYPE36 (PREDIT)

/PROP/TYPE43 (CONNECT)

/PROP/TYPE44 (SPR_CRUS)

/PROP/TYPE45 (KJOINT2)

/PROP/TYPE46 (SPR_MUSCLE)

/PROP/TYPE51

/QUAD

/RADIATION

/RANDOM

/RBE2

/RBE3

/RBODY

/RBODY/LAGMUL

/REFSTA

/RETRACTOR/SPRING

/RLINK

/RWALL

/RWALL/LAGMUL

/RWALL/THERM

/SECT

/SECT/CIRCLE

/SECT/PARAL

/SENSOR

/SENSOR/ACCE

/SENSOR/AND_OR

/SENSOR/DIST

/SENSOR/DIST_SURF

/SENSOR/ENERGY

/SENSOR/GAUGE

/SENSOR/HIC

/SENSOR/INTER

/SENSOR/NOT

/SENSOR/RBODY

/SENSOR/RWALL

/SENSOR/SECT

/SENSOR/SENS

/SENSOR/TIME

/SENSOR/WORK

/SET

/SH3N

/SHELL

/SHEL16

/SKEW/FIX

/SKEW/MOV

/SKEW/MOV2

/SLIPRING/SPRING

/SPH/INOUT

/SPH/RESERVE

/SPHBCS

/SPHCEL

/SPHGLO

/SPRING

/STACK

/STAMPING

/STATE/STR_FILE

//SUBMODEL

/SUBSET

/SURF

/SURF/BOX

/SURF/DSURF

/SURF/ELLIPS

/SURF/GRBRIC/EXT

/SURF/GRBRIC/FREE

/SURF/GRSH3N

/SURF/GRSHEL

/SURF/MAT

/SURF/PART

/SURF/PLANE

/SURF/PROP

/SURF/SEG

/SURF/SUBMODEL

/SURF/SUBSET

/SURF/SURF

/TABLE/0

/TABLE/1

/TETRA4

/TETRA10

/TH

/TH/ACCEL

/TH/BEAM

/TH/BRIC

/TH/CLUSTER

/TH/CYL_JO

/TH/FRAME

/TH/FXBODY

/TH/GAUGE

/TH/INTER

/TH/MODE

/TH/MONVOL

/TH/NODE

/TH/NSTRAND

/TH/PART

/TH/QUAD

/TH/RBODY

/TH/RETRACTOR

/TH/RWALL

/TH/SECTIO

/TH/SH3N

/TH/SHEL

/TH/SLIPRING

/TH/SPH_FLOW

/TH/SPHCEL

/TH/SPRING

/TH/SUBS

/TH/SURF

/TH/TRIA

/TH/TRUSS

/THERM_STRESS/MAT

/THPART

/THPART/GRBEAM

/THPART/GRBRIC

/THPART/GRQUAD

/THPART/GRSH3N

/THPART/GRSHEL

/THPART/GRSPRI

/THPART/GRTRUS

/TITLE

/TRANSFORM

/TRANSFORM/MATRIX

/TRANSFORM/POSITION

/TRANSFORM/ROT

/TRANSFORM/SCA

/TRANSFORM/SYM

/TRANSFORM/TRA

/TRIA

/TRUSS

/UNIT

/UPWIND

/VISC/PRONY

/XELEM

/XREF

See Also

Material Compatibility

Starter Keywords Syntax

	2D	3D
Quad	#
Solid		#
Shell 4 Node		#
Shell 3 Node		#
Truss		#
Beam		#
Spring		#
Concentrated load	#	#
Pressure load	#	#
Initial velocity	#	#
Fixed velocity	#	#
Gravity	#	#
Interface	Type 1, 2, 3, and 5	all
Rigid wall	Type 1	all
Rigid body		#
Added mass		#
Section		#
Cylindrical joint		#
Monitored Volumes		#
Property	Type 14
/DFS/DTPLAN, /DFS/DETPOIN, /DFS/DETLINE, /DFS/LASER, /DFS/WAV_SHA	#
/UPWM	#
/UPWIND	#
/ALE/BCS	#
/ALE/GRID/DISP, /ALE/GRID/DONEA, /ALE/GRID/SPRING, /ALE/GRID/STANDARD, /ALE/GRID/ZERO	#
/ALE/CLOSE	#
/ALE/MAT	#
/ALE/LINK/VEL	#
/AMS	#
/EULER/MAT	#

# : yes

blank : no

Block Format Keyword

This section describes the general syntax rules for writing a Radioss Block Format input deck, including the Block Format syntax, required keywords, keyword examples, fixed format input, and default values. These rules apply to all the options, which are individually defined in this manual.

Block Format Syntax

Each block begins with a forward slash (/), followed by a keyword and ends at the beginning of the next block.

As of Radioss V4, the blocks can be entered in any order except for:

• /BEGIN - This must be the first keyword entered, see next section for more details.

• /TRANSFORM - When multiple transformations are used, the

transformation is applied in the order of the input.

• /END - This is the last keyword read. Any input entered after will

be ignored.

Each block defines one option, a set of flags or switches, or a set of nodes or elements.

The input deck finishes with the /END keyword.

The content of each block is entered in fixed format (see below).

Blank lines at the end of each block are ignored.

Lines with a # or $ in the first column are comment lines except for these 3 special options that begin with a #: #RADIOSS STARTER, #enddata, and #include.

Required Keywords

The first line of the input deck must be the header line with which starts with #RADIOSS STARTER followed by the /BEGIN keyword as shown here. Any number of comment lines that start with # or $ can be inserted between these two commands. The last keyword in a file should be /END.

#RADIOSS STARTER
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----\|
#New drop test model
/BEGIN
Drop
      2017         0
                   g                 mm                   ms
                   g                 mm                   ms
...
...
/END

General Keyword Formats

There are 3 general keyword formats

General Flags, Switches, Global Parameters or Title

Syntax::

/KEYWORD flag1 flag2 flag3 …

Example: Global Parameters

Table 1: /IOFLAG

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
Ipri	Irtyp		Ioutp	Outyy fmt	Irootyy				Irtyp_r

Keyword Definition with Numeric Option Identifier

Syntax::

/OPTION_KEYWORD[/SUBKEYWORD/…]/option_ID[/unit_ID] option_title option input …

The option_ID is defined and the option_title is associated to this option_ID in the first line. If the same option is used several times, a different option_ID and a different option_title have to be used each time.

The option_title can have a maximum of 100 characters and must not start with a forward slash ( / ).

Example: Keyword with option_ID

/IMPVEL/impvel_ID/unit_ID

impvel_title

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
fct_ID	Dir	Skew_ID	sens_ID	grnd_ID	frame_ID
\(Fscale_{x}\)		\(Fscale_{y}\)		\(T_{start}\)		\(T_{stop}\)

Keyword Option without Numeric Option Identifier

Syntax::

/OPTION_KEYWORD[/SUBKEYWORD/…]/reference_ID[/unit_ID] … option input …

Example 1: Keyword without Option

Table 2: /NODE/unit_ID

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
node_ID	\(X_{c}\)		\(Y_{v}\)		\(Z_{c}\)

The nodes can be defined in one or more blocks.

Example 2: Keyword without Option

Table 3: /SHELL/part_ID

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
\(I_{shell}\)	node_ID1	node_ID2	node_ID3	node_ID4				Thick

In the above syntax, the part_ID is only used for element definition; but it is not defined in this block. The part_ID’s are defined in /PART option.

The list of elements belonging to one part can be defined in one or more blocks.

Example 3: Keyword without Option

/FAIL/Key/mat_ID/unit_ID

Submodel option

//SUBMODEL/submodel_ID/unit_ID
submodel_title
…
option input
…
//ENDSUB

Block Keyword Input Fixed Format

The content of any block is formatted in lines of 100 characters, divided into 10 fields of 10 characters.

A typical input line is described in this manual as:

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)

The first row of the table gives the fields number. The second row shows the variables description.

Only the field with defined input should be used. All other fields and blank formats are reserved and must not be used. Users should not put comments in the fields that are not used, but instead should use comment lines that begin with a “#” or “$”.

Default Values

Any input field that is blank or a zero entered will use the default value listed in the manual. For example, when using an imposed displacement it is possible to scale the x and y values of the input curve. The default values are Scale_x=1 and Scale_y=1. In this example, Scale_x=0 and Scale_y = blank means that the default value of Scale_x=1 and Scale_y=1 is used by the solver.

/IMPDISP/7
compression
# Ifunct DIR Iskew Isensor Gnod_id Frame
4 X 1150
# Scale_x Scale_y Tstart Tstop 0

The actual values used by the solver are written to the Starter output file, Runname_0000.out. For real number fields with default values that are not zero, it is not possible to define the field as zero since this would cause the default value to be used. Therefore, if a zero numerical value is needed a very small number, that is 1e-30, can be used as a zero-value entry.

Field Entry Input

• All integers are given in one 10 digit field with a maximum of 9 digits.

• All reals are entered in two fields with a maximum of 20 digits.

• Characters can have variable length, the maximum length is given for each entry.

• For boundary conditions, single-digit booleans (value 0 or 1) are used. The format is in this case, given by showing the place of each boolean in the field (see table below).

For example, on the line below the first field is defined as an integer, followed by six booleans, and then one real. The last six fields are unused. The position of the six booleans is given in the second table. A text is defined on a line (10 fields, 100 characters maximum).

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
Integer	Boolean	Real

(2)-1	(2)-2	(2)-3	(2)-4	(2)-5	(2)-6	(2)-7	(2)-8	(2)-9	(2)-10
			\(V_{x}\)	\(V_{y}\)	\(V_{z}\)		\(\omega_{x}\)	\(\omega_{y}\)	\(\omega_{z}\)

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
Character

Character

Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)

The Smooth Particles Hydrodynamics method formulation is used to solve the equations of mechanics, when particles are free from a meshing grid. It is specially adapted to simulate phenomena with a very substantial deformation; for example, a range of application where the Finite Element method, with ALE and Lagrangian formulation loses its efficiency and accuracy.

The SPH method built in the Radioss code is compatible with most functions.

For instance, it is possible to cause two objects to interact, one discretized by finite elements and the other by particles.

The SPH formulation can be put in an ALE model, only if the boundary between SPH and ALE is Lagrangian.

The SPH formulation is only available in 3D analysis.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code enables to predict steady flows (drag and lift) and slow transient flows like heating and defrosting.

Aero-Acoustic is the engineering field dealing with noise generated generally by a turbulent fluid flow interacting with a vibrating structure. This field differs from pure acoustic domain where the object is the propagation of acoustic pressure waves, including reflections, diffractions and absorptions, in a medium at rest.

A classification of Aero-Acoustic problems can be made using the following three categories:

• External wind noise transmitted to the inside through a structure: In the automotive industry, a pillar, side mirror and windshield wipers noise are typical problems of this category.

• Internal flow noise transmitted to the outside through a structure: Examples of this class of problems are exhaust, HVAC and Intakes noises.

• Rotating machines noise: Axial and centrifugal fans are noisy components that bring with them many interesting Aero-acoustic problems.

The necessary ingredients to perform direct Aero-Acoustic numerical simulation are implemented in a single numerical code and they are:

• Compressible Navier Stokes: Able to propagate pressure waves; and therefore take into account in a single simulation the flow and the noise including all possible cavity modes.

• Fluid structure coupling: Able to treat the problems involving a turbulent flow, one side of the structure and the noise radiation on the other side.

• Transient turbulence modeling: Unlike the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) method that make the assumption that flow is a combination of a steady state and turbulent fluctuations. Aero-acoustic noise is directly linked to the small scale turbulent fluctuations and strongly time dependant.

• Acoustic boundaries with set impedance: This is a critical point of a good Aero-Acoustic simulation. Boundaries need to be able to perform tasks, such as giving a free field impedance to an inlet with fixed velocity, setting a specific impedance at the outlet of a duct to make sure long wavelength stay trapped inside, treat exterior air impedance effect on a vibrating structure and be used to model absorbing materials (carpet and foams) that are used to coat many components.

• Large Eddy Simulation Turbulence modeling: The noise induced by turbulent structures is taken into account properly. Unfortunately, the turbulent structures that are simultaneously active any given time range from the full size of the problem to the microscopic Kolmogorov size.

These ingredients are needed to perform Aero-Acoustic simulations with no particular assumptions on the flow (excepted of course, the use of a turbulence model), the fluid structures coupling or the vibrations.

General Controls

Block Format Keyword In this group, keywords are used to set default value, global parameter, analysis type, input/output print, damping and ALE and CFD treatment for the whole model. For default value, it is still possible to overwrite in each specific keywords.

Formats

#enddata

Block Format Keyword

In an include file, all lines after the instruction #enddata are ignored.

Format

#enddata

#include

Block Format Keyword

Points to an include file in the Starter Input (Runname_0000.rad) file.

Format

#include filename

Definitions

Field filename	Contents =====================–== Filename and path of the include file in the Runname_0000.rad	SI Unit Example

input deck.

(Character)

Comments

1. The include filename must not contain blank spaces.

2. The include file may contain one or more blocks.

3. The include file may not contain incomplete blocks.

4. The first line of the Runname_0000.rad may not be included in an external file.

5. In an include file, all lines after the instruction #enddata are ignored.

6. Include files may be in any directory, other than the main file.

7. When using sublevel include files, absolute paths for include option are recommended.

8. Relative paths are allowed; but refer to the working directory.

9. Include files must respect the Radioss version declared in the main file.

10. Radioss Starter will stop with an error message if an include file is not found.

11. The line including “#include” cannot be greater than 500 characters.

12. Any /BEGIN (units and input version information) defined in an #include is ignored; except when the include file is part of a //SUBMODEL.

#RADIOSS STARTER

Block Format Keyword

Mandatory header keyword for the Starter Input file (Runname_0000.rad). This MUST be the first keyword in a Radioss Starter Input.

Comments

1. After the header, comment lines may be inserted. Command lines must begin with $ or #.

2. The run identification name is input using the keyword /BEGIN.

/BEGIN

Block Format Keyword

Sets the run name, the version of the input manual, the number of Starter run and input and work unit systems.

Description

This option is required.

Work unit system and Input unit system are used instead of unit system defined previously in: /UNIT/ name for input format prior to v10.0.

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
/BEGIN
Runname
Invers
Input_mass_unit		Input_length_unit		Input_time_unit
Work_mass_unit		Work_length_unit		Work_time_unit

Definitions

Field	Contents	SI Unit **Example*
Runname	Run identification name. (Character, maximum 80 characters)
Invers	Input version. 8 = 2022 For current release. (Integer)
Input_mass_unit	Unit system of input for mass. 7 Default = 1 kg (Real or code)
Input_length_unit	Unit system of input for length. 7 Default = 1 m (Real or code)
Input_time_unit	Unit system of input for time. 7 Default = 1 s (Real or code)
Work_mass_unit	Unit system used for the calculation for mass. 7 Default = 1 kg (Real or code)
Work_length_unit	Unit system used for the calculation for length. 7 Default = 1 m (Real or code)
Work_time_unit	Unit system used for the calculation for time. 7 Default = 1 s (Real or code)

Prefix and Associated Multiplying Factor

Prefix Multiplying Factor

y 1.E-24

z 1.E-21

a 1.E-18

f 1.E-15

p 1.E-12

n 1.E-09

\(\mu\) or mu 1.E-06

m 1.E-03

c 1.E-02

d 1.E-01

1

da 1.E+01

h 1.E+02

k 1.E+03

M 1.E+06

G 1.E+09

T 1.E+12

P 1.E+15

E 1.E+18

Z 1.E+21

Y 1.E+24

Comments

1. To be taken into account, this option must be written after the mandatory keyword # Radioss Starter.

2. The Runname is defined by the first non-blank character. It may have a maximum of 80 characters and a minimum of four characters. The characters “/” and “\” are not allowed.

3. The Input unit system defines the unit of the input deck. The work unit system defines which unit has been used during the computation. If the Input unit system is not equal to work unit system, Radioss will convert the input unit system (in Starter file, not in Engine file) to work unit system automatically.

4. The Work unit system defines the unit in which the calculation is performed. The output is defined in the work unit system.

5. In submodels, Work unit system defined in </BEGIN> of a submodel is ignored: the Work unit system defined in the main ``</BEGIN>``s card is used.

6. If an Input unit system is not defined, Input unit system is equal to work unit system.

7. Codes defining units of length and time are given are (example, SI units: kg for mass, m for length, and s for time):

Code Value (Mass) yg 1.E-27 zg 1.E-24 ag 1.E-21 fg 1.E-18 pg 1.E-15 ng 1.E-12 \(\mu g\) or 1.E-09 mug mg 1.E-06 cg 1.E-05 dg 1.E-04 g 1.E-03 dag 1.E-02 hg 1.E-01 kg 1 Mg 1.E+03 Gg 1.E+06 Tg 1.E+09 Pg 1.E+12 Eg 1.E+15 Zg 1.E+18 Yg 1.E+21	Code Value (Length) ym 1.E-24 zm 1.E-21 am 1.E-18 fm 1.E-15 pm 1.E-12 nm 1.E-09 \(\mu m\) or 1.E-06 mum mm 1.E-03 cm 1.E-02 dm 1.E-01 m 1 dam 1.E+01 hm 1.E+02 km 1.E+03 Mm 1.E+06 Gm 1.E+09 Tm 1.E+12 Pm 1.E+15 Em 1.E+18 Zm 1.E+21 Ym 1.E+24	Code Value (Time) ys 1.E-24 zs 1.E-21 as 1.E-18 fs 1.E-15 ps 1.E-12 ns 1.E-09 \(\mu s\) or 1.E-06 mus ms 1.E-03 cs 1.E-02 ds 1.E-01 s 1 das 1.E+01 hs 1.E+02 ks 1.E+03 Ms 1.E+06 Gs 1.E+09 Ts 1.E+12 Ps 1.E+15 Es 1.E+18 Zs 1.E+21 Ys 1.E+24

Radioss does not have a built-in unit system, so it is very important to keep unit consistency in your model.

As an alternative to the unit code, the equivalent value may be input instead.

8. Available Inverse values:

Invers Radioss Version

90 Used from 9.0

100 Used from 10.0

110 Used from 11.0

120 Used from 12.0

130 Used from 13.0

140 Used from 14.0

2017 Used from 2017

2018 Used from 2018

2019 Used from 2019

2020 Used from 2020

2021 Used from 2021

2022 Used from 2022 (current format)

Any supported input format can be used with the latest Radioss version. New features added in a given version are available only with the Invers value of that Radioss version or higher. Input formats previous to those listed in the table are no longer supported. The model format should be updated using HyperWorks.

See Also

Unit Consistency (User Guide)

/END

Block Format Keyword

This keyword has to be set at the end of the input deck.

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
</END>

Comments

1. All lines or blocks located after </END> are ignored.

/PRIVATE/METADATA/FATXML

Block Format Keyword

Reads FATXML format.

Format

Any number of lines for FATXML_data may be input (100 characters per line)

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
</PRIVATE/METADATA/FATXML>
FATXML_data

Definitions

Field	Contents	SI Unit Example
FATXML_data	FATXML format data (Character, maximum 100 characters)

Comments

1. Radioss only reads data (ignores what is inside).

2. Forward slash ( / ) characters are forbidden.

/TITLE

Block Format Keyword

Describes the title.

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
</TITLE>
Title

Definitions

Field	Contents	SI Unit Example
Title	Title to appear on plots (Character, maximum 100 characters)

Comments

1. The title must not start with forward slash ( / ).

Default Value

/DEF_SHELL

Block Format Keyword

This keyword is used to set default values for certain parameters in all shell properties, but options could still be changed in each property set input and in this case, the latter will prevail.

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
</DEF_SHELL>
\(I_{shell}\)	\(I_{smstr}\)	\(I_{thick}\)	\(I_{plas}\)				\(I_{sh3n}\)	\(I_{dril}\)

Definitions

Field	Contents	SI Unit Example
\(I_{shell}\)	Shell element formulation flag. =0 Set to 1 or 24. =1 Default, if </IMPLICIT> is not used in deck. Q4, visco-elastic hourglass modes orthogonal to deformation and rigid modes (Belytschko). =2 Q4, visco-elastic hourglass without orthogonality (Hallquist). =3 Q4, elasto-plastic hourglass with orthogonality. =4 Q4 with improved type 1 formulation (orthogonalization for warped elements). =12 QBAT shell formulation. =24 Default, if </IMPLICIT> is used in deck. QEPH shell formulation. (Integer)
\(I_{smstr}\)	Shell small strain formulation flag. = -2 Automatically set the best value according element type and material law and overwrite the value defined in any shell properties. = -1 Automatically set the best value according element type and material law. = 0 Set to 2. = 1 Small strain from time = 0. (new formulation compatible with all other formulation flags). = 2 (Default) Full geometric nonlinearities with possible small strain formulation activation in Radioss Engine (option /DT/Eltyp/ Iflag). = 3 Old small strain formulation (only compatible with \(I_{shell}\) =2). = 4 Full geometric nonlinearities (in Radioss Engine, option </DT/ SHELL/CST> has no effect). (Integer)
\(I_{thick}\)	Shell resultant stressescalculation flag. = -2 Automatically set the best value according element type and material law and overwrite the value defined in any shell properties. = -1 Automatically set the best value according element type and material law. = 0 Set to 2. = 1 Thickness change is taken into account. =2 (Default) Thickness is constant. (Integer)
\(I_{plas}\)	Shell plane stress plasticity flag. = -2 Automatically set the best value according element type and material law and overwrite the value defined in any shell properties. = -1 Automatically set the best value according element type and material law. = 0 Set to 1 or 2. =1 Default, if /IMPLICIT is used in deck. Iterative projection with three Newton iterations. =2 Default, if /IMPLICIT is not used in deck. Radial return (Integer)
\(I_{strain}\)	Compute strains for post-processing flag. = 0 Set to 1. =1 (Default) Yes. =2 No. (Integer)
\(I_{sh3n}\)	3-node shell element formulation flag. = 0 Set to 2. =1 Standard triangle (C0). =2 (Default) Standard triangle (C0) with modification for large rotation. =30 DKT18. =31 DKT_S3, which based on DTK12 of BATOZ (refer to the Element Library in the Theory Manual). (Integer)
\(I_{dril}\)	Drilling DOF stiffness flag. =0 Set to 2. =1 Default, if /IMPLICIT is used in deck. Yes. =2 Default, if /IMPLICIT is not used in deck. No. (Integer)

Comments

1. This card is read only once. Only the first card </DEF_SHELL> written in the model is used. The other card </DEF_SHELL> is ignored.

2. Refer to the comments in /PROP/TYPE1 (SHELL) for more information about these input options.

/DEF_SOLID

Block Format Keyword

Used to set default values for certain parameters in all solid properties and thick shells. The default values defined here will be overwritten by any values entered on the individual property input.

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
</DEF_SOLID>
\(I_{solid*}\)	\(I_{smstr}\)	\(I_{cpre}\)		\(I_{tetra4}\)	\(I_{tetra10}\)	\(I_{mas}\)	\(I_{frame}\)

Definitions

Field	Contents	SI Unit Example
\(I_{solid}\)	Solid elements formulation flag. 2 = 0 Set to 1 or 14. =1 Default if /IMPLICIT is not used in deck. Standard 8-node solid element, one integration point. Viscous hourglass formulation with orthogonal and rigid deformation modes compensation (Belytschko). =2 Standard 8-node solid element, one integration point. Viscous hourglass formulation without orthogonality (Hallquist). =14 Default if </IMPLICIT> is used in deck HA8 locking-free 8-node solid or thick shell elements, co- rotational, full integration, variable number of Gauss points. =15 HSEPH/PA6 thick shell elements (8-node and 6-node respectively). Co-rotational, under integrated (one Gauss point in the plane) with physical stabilization. Variable number of integration points in thickness direction. =16 Quadratic 16-node thick shell or Quadratic 20-node solid, full integration, variable number of Gauss points in all directions. =17 H8C compatible solid full integration formulation. =18 8-node solid element, Co-rotational, full integration, fixed 2*2*2 Gauss integration points, shear locking-free, \(I_{cpre}\) and \(I_{smstr}\) defaults are based on material. =24 HEPH 8-node solid element. Co-rotational, under-integrated (one Gauss point) with physical stabilization. (Integer)
\(I_{smstr}\)	Small strain formulation flag. 3 = -2 Overwrite the value defined in the property (\(I_{smstr}\)) with the best value based on element type and material law. = -1 Automatically define the best value based on element type and material law, overwrite only the property which defined \(I_{smstr}\) =0. = 0 Set to 4. =1 Small strain from time = 0. =2 Full geometric nonlinearities with possible small strain formulation in Radioss Engine (/DT/Eltyp/Iflag). =3 Simplified small strain formulation from time =0 (non- objective formulation). =4 (Default) Full geometric nonlinearities (</DT/BRICK/CST> has no effect). =10 Lagrange type total strain = 11 Total small strain formulation from t= 0. = 12 Lagrange type total strain with possible switch to total small strain formulation in Radioss Engine (</DT/BRICK/CST>). (Integer)
\(I_{cpre}\)	Constant pressure formulation flag. Only valid when Isolid=14, 17, 18 or 24. = -2 Overwrites the value defined in the property (\(I_{cpre}\)) with the best value based on element type and material law. = -1 Automatically define the best value based on element type and material law, overwrite only the property which defined \(I_{cpre}\) =0. = 0 Set to 1 or 3 depending on the \(I_{solid}\) value. =1 (Default if Isolid =17) Constant pressure formulation to prevent volumetric locking. Use with incompressible material, where \(\nu \approx\) 0.5. = 2 Formulation used is a function of plasticity. This allows the correct modeling of the elastic region when the material is compressible and the plastic region when the material becomes incompressible. Only available for elasto-plastic material laws. = 3 (Default if \(I_{solid}\) =14 or 24) Standard formulation without constant pressure. Use with compressible materials, like foam. (Integer)
\(I_{tetra4}\)	4 node tetrahedral element formulation flag. = 0 Set to 1000. = 1 Quadratic </TETRA4> formulation with six DOF per node and four integration points. = 3 Linear </TETRA4> with nodal pressure averaging to limit volumetric locking effect. = 1000 Linear </TETRA4> formulation with one integration point. (Integer)
\(I_{tetra10}\)	10 node tetrahedral element formulation flag. = 0 Set to 1000. = 2 Quadratic </TETRA10> formulation with four integration points and the same time step as a </TETRA4> element with </DT1/ BRICK>. = 3 Quadratic </TETRA10> formulation with four integration points and the same time step as a </TETRA4> element (less stable for poorly shaped elements). = 1000 Quadratic </TETRA10> formulation with four integration points. (Integer)
\(I_{mas}\)	Nodal mass distribution (per element) flag. Only for tetra4 and tetra10 element. = 0 Set to 2. =1 Distribution taking into account nodal volume angle. =2 (Default) Homogeneous distribution. (Integer)
\(I_{frame}\)	Element coordinate system formulation flag. only for standard 8-node bricks: \(I_{solid}\) =1, 2 or 17. = -2 Overwrite the value defined in the property (\(I_{frame}\) defined) with the best value based on element type and material law. = -1 Automatically define the best value based on element type and material law, overwrite only the property which defined \(I_{frame}\) =0. = 0 Set to 1. =1 (Default) Non co-rotational formulation. =2 Co-rotational formulation. (Integer)

Comments

1. This card is read only once. Only the first card </DEF_SOLID> written in the model is used. The other card </DEF_SOLID> is ignored.

2. When using the automatic setting option \(I_{smstr} = I_{cpre} = I_{frame} =-1\) , the values for these options are defined using the best options based on the element formulation, element type, and material. Alternatively, defining \(I_{smstr} = I_{cpre} = I_{frame}\) =-2 will overwrite the values for these options defined in this property with the best value (</DEF_SOLID>) based on element type and material law. To see the values defined by Radioss, review the “PART ELEMENT/MATERIAL PARAMETER REVIEW” section of the Starter output file.

3. Refer to the comments in /PROP/SOLID for more information about these input options.

4. If \(I_{smstr}\) = -1, -2, \(I_{cpre}\) =-1, -2 or -2; or \(I_{frame}\) = -1, -2, based on different materials, the best property values are set automatically.

• Foam: ¹

Material	Element	\(I_{solid}\)	\(I_{smstr}\)	\(I_{cpre}\)	\(I_{frame}\)	\(I_{HKT}\)	\(I_{h}\)
LAW33	HEXA	24/18	2	3	2	1	0
	TETRA4/TETRA10	–	2	0	1	1	0
LAW38	HEXA	24/18	10	3	2	0	0
	TETRA4/TETRA10	–	10	0	1	0	0
LAW70	HEXA	24/18	11	3	2	0	0
	TETRA4/TETRA10	–	11	0	1	0	0
	HEXA	24/18	12	3	2	0	0
	TETRA4/TETRA10	–	12	0	1	0	0

• Rubber: ¹

Material	Element	\(I_{solid}\)	\(I_{smstr}\)	\(I_{cpre}\)	\(I_{frame}\)	\(I_{HKT}\)	\(I_{h}\)
LAW40	HEXA	24/18	2	3	2	0	0
	TETRA4/TETRA10	–	2	0	1	0	0
LAW42	HEXA	24/18	10	1	2	0	0
	TETRA4/TETRA10	–	10	0	1	0	0
LAW69	HEXA	24/18	10	1	2	0	0
	TETRA4/TETRA10	–	10	-1	1	0	0
LAW88	HEXA	24/18	10	1	2	0	0
	TETRA4/TETRA10	–	10	0	1	0	0

• Elasto-plastic material: ¹

Material	Element	\(I_{solid}\)	\(I_{smstr}\)	\(I_{cpre}\)	\(I_{frame}\)	\(I_{HKT}\)	\(I_{h}\)
LAW1	HEXA	24	2	3	2	1	0
	HEXA	18	2	3	2	0	0
	TETRA4/TETRA10	–	2	0	1	0	0
LAW2	HEXA	24	2	2	2	1	0
	HEXA	18	2	2	2	0	0
	TETRA4/TETRA10	–	2	0	1	0	0
LAW36, LAW44	HEXA	24	2	2	2	1	0
	HEXA	18	2	2	2	0	0
	TETRA4/TETRA10	–	2	0	1	0	0

• Orthotropic material:

Material	Element	\(I_{solid}\)	\(I_{smstr}\)	\(I_{cpre}\)	\(I_{frame}\)	\(I_{HKT}\)	\(I_{h}\)	dn
LAW28	HEXA	1	1	-1	2	0	0	0
	HEXA	18	1	3	2	0	0	0
	TETRA4/TETRA10	–	1	-1	1	0	0	0
LAW50	HEXA	1	1	-1	1	0	0	0
	HEXA	18	1	2	2	0	0	0
	TETRA4/TETRA10	–	1	-1	1	0	0	0

1. If hexagon element uses \(I_{solid}\) =24, dn is automatically set to 0.1; if hexagon element uses \(I_{solid}\) =18, dn is automatically set to 0.

   /DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE2

   Block Format Keyword

   Defines interfaces TYPE2 default values.

   Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
</DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE2>
blank
		Ignore	\(Spot_{flag}\)		\(I_{search}\)	\(I_{del2}\)

Read this input, if \(Spot_{flag}\) =25, 27 or 28:

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
						\(I_{stf}\)

Definitions

Field	Contents	SI Unit Example
\(I_{gnore}\)	Flag to ignore secondary nodes if no main segment found. 13 14 =0 Set to 1000. =1 Secondary nodes with no main segment found during the Starter are deleted from the interface. =2 Secondary nodes with no main segment found during the Starter are deleted from the interface, new calculation for \(d_{search}\) , if \(d_{search}\) = 0. =3 Secondary nodes with no main segment found during the Starter are deleted from the interface, new calculation for \(d_{search}\) , if \(d_{search}\) = 0. =1000 (Default) No deletion of secondary nodes. (Integer)
\(Spot_{flag}\)	Spotweld formulation flag. 4 5 6 7 8 12 =0 Set to 4, if /CAA_ is used. Set to 5, if </CAA> is not used. =1 Formulation is optimized for spot welds or rivets. =2 Same formulation as standard formulation. Required when using hierarchy levels. Not compatible with nodal time step, </DT/NODA/CST>. =4 Default, if </CAA> is used. Rotational DOF are not transmitted, if shells are used. Not compatible with nodal time step </DT/NODA/CTS>. =5 Default, if </CAA> is not used. Standard formulation. = 20, 21, 22 Formulation with failure. Not compatible with nodal time step, </DT/NODA/CST>. The stress is computed for each secondary node according to the “equivalent” surface around the node. The equivalent surface is defined accordingly: =20 Surface computed using shell and brick faces attached to the node. =21 Surface computed using only the shell attached to the node. =22 Surface computed using only the brick faces attached to the node. =25 Penalty formulation (not recommended). 19 =27 Kinematic formulation similar to \(Spot_{flag}\) =5 with an automatic switch to penalty formulation when incompatible kinematic conditions occur. 20 =28 Kinematic formulation similar to \(Spot_{flag}\) =1 with an automatic switch to penalty formulation when incompatible kinematic conditions occur. 20 =30 Formulation with cubic curvature of main segment. Not compatible with nodal time step, </DT/NODA/CST>. (Integer)
\(I_{search}\)	Search formulation flag for the closest main segment. =0 Set to 2. =1 Old formulation (only used for previous version). =2 (Default) New improved formulation. (Integer)
\(I_{del2}\)	Node deletion flag. 9 10 16 =0 Set to 1000. =1 Kinematic condition is suppressed on the secondary node, when all elements linked to the main segment are deleted. (The secondary node is removed from the interface). =2 Kinematic condition is suppressed on the secondary node, if the main element is deleted. (The secondary node is removed from the interface). =1000 (Default) No deletion. (Integer)
\(I_{stf}\)	Interface stiffness definition flag. 17 Only used with penalty formulations (\(Spot_{flag}\) =25, 27 or 28) =0 Set to 2. =1 Penalty stiffness is the main stiffness. =2 (Default) Penalty stiffness is the average of the main and secondary stiffness. =3 Penalty stiffness is the maximum of the main and secondary stiffness. =4 Penalty stiffness is the minimum of the main and secondary stiffness. =5 Penalty stiffness is the main and secondary stiffness in series. (Integer)

/DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE7

Block Format Keyword

Defines default value for TYPE7 interfaces.

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
</DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE7>
Blank
		\(I_{stf}\)		\(I_{gap}\)		\(I_{bag}\)	\(I_{del}\)
Blank
								Irem_gap	Irem_i2

Required Fields

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
Blank
			Inacti
				\(I_{form}\)

Definitions

Field	Contents	SI Unit Example
\(I_{stf}\)	Interface stiffness definition flag. 5 For SPH, only \(I_{stf}\) =0 and =1 are available. =0 Set to 1000 =1 Interface stiffness is entered as Stfac. =2 Interface stiffness is the average of the main and secondary stiffness. =3 Interface stiffness is the maximum of the main and secondary stiffness. =4 Interface stiffness is the minimum of the main and secondary stiffness. =5 Interface stiffness is the main and secondary stiffness in series. =1000 (Default) Interface stiffness is computed only based on the main side stiffness. (Integer)
\(I_{gap}\)	Gap/element option flag. 13 =0 Set to 1000 =1 Variable gap varies according to the characteristics of the impacted main surface and the impacting secondary node. =2 Variable gap + gap scale correction of the computed gap. =3 Variable gap + gap scale correction of the computed gap size of the mesh is taken into account to avoid initial penetrations. =1000 (Default) Constant gap; equal to the minimum gap \(Gap_{min}\) (Integer)
\(I_{bag}\)	Airbag vent holes closure flag in case of contact. =0 Set to 1000 =1 Closure =1000 (Default) No closure (Integer)
\(I_{del}\)	Node and segment deletion flag. =0 Set to 1000 =1 When all the elements (4-node shells, 3-node shells solids) associated to one segment are deleted, the segment is removed from the main side of the interface. It is also removed in case of explicit deletion using Radioss Engine keyword /DEL_ in the Engine file. secondary side of the interface. =2 When a 4-node shell, a 3-node shell or a solid element is deleted, the corresponding segment is removed from the main side of the interface. It is also removed in case of explicit deletion using Radioss Engine keyword </DEL>. in the Engine file. Additionally, non-connected nodes are removed from the secondary side of the interface. =-1 Same as =1, except non-connected nodes are not removed from the secondary side of the interface. =-2 Same as =2, except non-connected nodes are not removed from the secondary side of the interface. =1000 (Default) No deletion. (Integer) `` Note: \(I_{del}\) =1 and -1 have a higher CPU cost when compared with \(I_{del}\) =2 and -2.``
Irem_gap	Flag for deactivating secondary nodes if element size < gap value, in case of self-impact contact. 24 =0 Set to 1. =1 (Default) No deactivation of secondary nodes. =2 Deactivation of secondary nodes. (Integer)
Irem_i2	Flag for deactivating the secondary node, if the same contact pair (nodes) has been defined in interface TYPE2. =0 Set to 1, if </IMPLICIT> is defined. Set to 3 for explicit solution. =1 Default for implicit solution (if </IMPLICIT> is defined) Secondary nodes in </INTER/TYPE2> tied contacts are removed from this contact. =3 Default for explicit solution No change to secondary nodes.
Inacti =	Deactivation flag of stiffness in case of initial penetrations. =0 Set to 1000 =1 Deactivation of stiffness on nodes =2 Deactivation of stiffness on elements =3 Change node coordinates to avoid initial penetrations =5 Gap is variable with time and initial gap is adjusted as: \(gap_{0}=Gap-P_{0}\), where \(P_{0}\) is the initial penetration =6 Gap is variable with time but initial gap is adjusted as (the node is slightly depenetrated). \(gap_{0}=Gap-P_{0}- 5%\cdot (Gap-P_{0})\) =1000 (Default) No action (Integer)
\(I_{form}\)	Friction penalty formulation type. 20 21 22 =0 Set to 1. =1 (Default) Viscous (total) formulation. =2 Stiffness (incremental) formulation. (Integer)

/DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE11

Block Format Keyword

Defines default values for TYPE11 interfaces.

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
</DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE11>
Blank
		\(I_{stf}\)		\(I_{gap}\)		Irem_gap	\(I_{del}\)
								\(I_{form}\)
Blank
			Inacti

Definitions

Field	Contents	SI Unit Example
\(I_{stf}\)	Stiffness definition flag. = 0 Set to 5 = 1 Interface stiffness is entered as Stfac. =2 Interface stiffness is the average of the main and secondary stiffness. =3 Interface stiffness is the maximum of the main and secondary stiffness. =4 Interface stiffness is the y minimum of the main and secondar stiffness. =5 (Default) Interface stiffness is the main and secondary stiffness in series. (Integer)
\(I_{gap}\)	Gap/element option flag. = 0 Set to 1000. = 1 Gap varies accordingly to the characteristics of the impacted main line and the impacting secondary node. = 3 Gap varies according to the characteristics of the impacted main line and the impacting secondary node + gap is taken into account the size of the elements. = 1000 (Default) Gap is constant equal to \(Gap_{min}\). (Integer)
Irem_gap	Flag for deactivating neighboring secondary line segments, if element size < gap value in case of self-impact contact. = 0 Set to 1. = 1 (Default) No deactivation of secondary line segments. = 2 Deactivation of neighboring secondary line segments. (Integer)
\(I_{del}\)	Node and segment deletion flag. 6 = 0 Set to 1000. = 1 When all the elements (4-node shells, 3-node shells, solids, beams, trusses, and springs) associated to one segment are deleted, the segment is removed from the interface. It is also removed in case of explicit deletion using Radioss Engine keyword /DEL_ in the Engine file. Additionally, non-connected nodes are removed from the interface. = 2 When an element (4-node shell, 3-node shell, solid, beam, truss, spring) is deleted, the corresponding segment is removed from the interface. It is also removed in case of explicit deletion using Radioss Engine keyword /DEL_ in the Engine file. Additionally, non-connected nodes are removed from the interface. = -1 Same as =1, except non-connected nodes are not removed from the secondary side of the interface. = -2 Same as =2, except non-connected nodes are not removed from the secondary side of the interface. = 1000 (Default) No deletion. (Integer)
\(I_{form}\)	Friction penalty formulation type. 17 = 0 Set to 1. = 1 (Default) Viscous (total) formulation. = 2 Stiffness (incremental) formulation. (Integer)
Inacti	Deactivation flag of stiffness. 13 = 0 Set to 1000. = 1 Deactivation of stiffness on nodes. = 2 Deactivation of stiffness on elements. = 3 Change node coordinates to avoid initial penetrations. = 5 Gap is variable with time and initial gap is computed as: \(gap_{0}=Gap-P_{0}\) where, \(P_{0}\) is the initial penetration. = 6 Gap is variable with time but initial penetration is computed as (the node is slightly depenetrated): = 1000 (Default) No action. (Integer)

/DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE19

Block Format Keyword

Defines default values for TYPE19 interfaces.

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
</DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE19>
blank
		\(I_{stf}\)		\(I_{gap}\)	\(I_{edge}\)	\(I_{bag}\)	\(I_{del}\)
blank
								Irem_gap	Irem_i2

Required Fields

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
blank
			Inacti
				\(I_{form}\)

Definitions

Field	Contents	SI Unit Example
\(I_{stf}\)	Stiffness definition flag. 9 = 0 Set to 1000. = 1 Interface stiffness is entered as Stfac. =2 Interface stiffness is the average of the main and secondary stiffness. =3 Interface stiffness is the maximum of the main and secondary stiffness. =4 Interface stiffness is the minimum of the main and secondary stiffness. =5 Interface stiffness is the main and secondary stiffness in series. = 1000 (Default) For node to surface contact, interface stiffness is only based on main stiffnes. For edge to edge contact, interface stiffness is the main and secondary stiffness in series. (Integer)
\(I_{gap}\)	Gap/element option flag. = 0 Set to 1000 = 1 Gap varies accordingly to the characteristics of the impacted main surface and the impacting secondary node. = 3 Variable gap + gap scale correction of the computed gap size of the mesh is taken into account to avoid initial penetrations. = 4 Node to surface contact uses variable gap + gap scale correction of the computed gap + deactivation of neighbor secondary nodes, if element size < gap. Edge contact uses a constant contact gap, \(Gap_{min.}\) = 1000 (Default) Gap is constant and equal to the minimum gap. (Integer)
\(I_{edge}\)	Edge to edge contact flag. 24 = 0 Set to 2. = 1 Only external edges of defined surfaces are generated. = 2 (Default) All segment edges of defined surfaces are generated. (Integer)
\(I_{bag}\)	Airbag vent holes closure flag in case of contact. = 0 Set to 2. = 1 Closure. = 2 (Default) No closure. (Integer)
\(I_{del}\)	Node and segment deletion flag. 6 = 0 Set to 1000. = 1 When all the elements (4-node shells, 3-node shells, solids) associated to one segment are deleted, the segment is removed from the main side of the interface. It is also removed in case of explicit deletion using Radioss Engine keyword /DEL_ in the Engine file. Additionally, non-connected nodes are removed from the secondary side of the interface. = 2 When a 4-node shell, a 3-node shell or a solid element is deleted, the corresponding segment is removed from the main side of the interface. It is also removed in case of explicit deletion using Radioss Engine keyword /DEL_ in the Engine file. Additionally, non-connected nodes are removed from the secondary side of the interface. = 1000 (Default) No deletion. = -1 Same as =1, except non-connected nodes are not removed from the secondary side of the interface. = -2 Same as =2, except non-connected nodes are not removed from the secondary side of the interface. (Integer)
Irem_gap	Flag for deactivating secondary nodes, if element p size < ga value, in case of self-impact contact. = 0 Set to 1. = 1 (Default) No deactivation of secondary nodes. = 2 Deactivation of secondary nodes. (Integer)
Irem_i2	Flag for deactivating the secondary node, if the same contact pair (nodes) has been defined in </INTER/TYPE2>. = 0 Set to 1, if </IMPLICIT> is defined. Set to 3 for explicit solution. = 1 (default for implicit solution, if </IMPLICIT> is defined) Secondary nodes in </INTER/TYPE2> tied contacts are removed from this contact. = 3 (default for explicit solution) No change to secondary nodes. (Integer)
Inacti	Deactivation flag of stiffness in case of initial penetrations. 19 = 0 Set to 1000 = 1 Deactivation of stiffness on nodes = 2 Deactivation of stiffness on elements = 3 Change node coordinates to avoid initial penetrations = 5 Gap is variable with time and initial gap is computed as: \(gap_{0}=Gap-P_{0}\) where, \(P_{0}\) is the initial penetration. = 6 Gap is variable with time, but initial penetration is computed as (the node is slightly depenetrated): \(gap_{0}=Gap-P_{0}- 5% \cdot (Gap-P_{0})\) = 1000 (Default) No action. (Integer)
\(I_{form}\)	Friction penalty formulation type. = 0 Set to 1. = 1 (Default) Viscous (total) formulation. = 2 Stiffness (incremental) formulation. (Integer)

/DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE24

Block Format Keyword

Defines default values for all </INTER/TYPE24>.

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
</DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE24>
Blank
		\(I_{stf}\)			Irem_i2		\(I_{del}\)
			\(I_{edge}\)
				\(I_{gap0}\)	\(I_{pen0}\)

Required Fields

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
Blank
			Inacti
Blank

Definitions

Field	Contents	SI Unit Example
\(I_{stf}\)	Interface stiffness definition flag. = 0 Set to 1000. =2 Interface stiffness is the average of the main and secondary stiffness. =3 Interface stiffness is the maximum of the main and secondary stiffness. =4 Interface stiffness is the minimum of the main and secondary stiffness. =5 Interface stiffness is the main and secondary stiffness in series. 6 Interface stiffness is the minimum of the main and secondary stiffness with special adjustment to improve convergence for implicit solution. = 12 Nitsche method is used with the average of the main and secondary stiffness. = 13 Nitsche method is used with the maximum of the main and secondary stiffness. = 14 Nitsche method is used with the maximum of the main and secondary stiffness. = 1000 (Default) Interface stiffness is only based on the main side stiffness. (Integer)
Irem_i2	Flag for deactivating the secondary node, if the same contact pair (nodes/segment) has been defined in interface TYPE2. =0 Set to 1. =1 (Default) Secondary nodes in </INTER/TYPE2 tied contacts> are removed from this contact. =3 No change to secondary nodes.
\(I_{del}\)	Node and segment deletion flag. = 0 Set to 1000. = 1 When all the elements (4-node shells, 3-node shells, solids) associated to one segment are deleted, the segment is removed from the main side of the interface. It is also removed in case of explicit deletion using Radioss Engine keyword </DEL> in the Engine file. Additionally, non-connected nodes are removed from the secondary side of the interface. = 2 When a 4-node shell, a 3-node shell or a solid element is deleted, the corresponding segment is removed from the main side of the interface. It is also removed in case of explicit deletion using Radioss Engine keyword </DEL> in the Engine file. Additionally, non-connected nodes are removed from the secondary side of the interface. = 1000 (Default) No deletion. Note: Using \(I_{del}\) results in higher CPU cost.
\(I_{edge}\)	Edge definition flag. = 0 Set to 1000. = 1 Edge to edge contact is activated using the external border edges from \(surf\_ID_{1}\) and \(surf\_ID_{2}\) and sharp edges between contact segments. = 1000 (Default) No edge to edge contact. (Integer)
\(I_{gap0*}\)	Gap modification flag for secondary shell nodes on the free edges. = 0 Set to 1000. = 1 Set gap to zero for the secondary shell nodes. = 1000 (Default) No change. (Integer)
\(I_{pen0}\)	Initial penetration detection flag. = 0 Set to 1000. = 1 Including self-impact in each part. = 1000 (Default) Excluding self-impact in each part. (Integer)
Inacti	Initial penetration flag. = 0 Set to 1000. = -1 All initial penetrations are taken into account. = 5 The main segment is shifted by the initial penetration value \(P_{0}\) if \(P \geq P_{0}\) , then \(P^{'}=P-P_{0}\) , where \(P_{0}\) is the initial penetration. = 1000 (Default) Only tiny initial penetrations (1.0e-08) will be taken into account. (Integer)

/DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE25

Block Format Keyword

Defines default values for all </INTER/TYPE25.>

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
</DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE25>
Blank
		\(I_{stf}\)		\(I_{gap}\)	Irem_i2		\(I_{del}\)	\(I_{edge}\)
Blank
				\(I_{gap0}\)	\(I_{shape}\)

Required Fields

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
Blank
			Inacti
Blank

Definitions

Field	Contents	SI Unit Example
\(I_{stf}\)	Interface stiffness definition flag. =0 Set to 1000. 2 Interface stiffness is the average of the main and secondary stiffness. 3 Interface stiffness is the average of the main and secondary stiffness. 4 Interface stiffness is the minimum of the main and secondary stiffness. 5 Interface stiffness is the main and secondary stiffness in series. = 1000 (Default) Interface stiffness is only based on the main side stiffness. (Integer)
\(I_{gap}\)	Gap/element option flag. =0 Set to 1 =1 (Default) Variable gap varies according to the characteristics of the impacted main surface and the impacting secondary node. =2 Variable gap + deactivating secondary nodes if element size < gap value, in case of self-impact contact similar to Irem_gap=2 for </INTER/TYPE7.> =3 Variable gap + size of the mesh is taken into account to avoid initial penetrations. (Integer)
\(I_{shape}\)	Flag defining the shape of the gap along free edges. = 0 Set to 1. = 1 (Default) Square gap. = 2 Round gap.
Irem_i2	Deactivating flag for the secondary node, if the same contact pair (nodes) has been defined in interface TYPE2. =0 Set to 1 =1 (Default) Secondary nodes in </INTER/TYPE2> tied contacts are removed from this contact. =3 No change to secondary nodes.
\(I_{del}\)	=0 Set to 1000 = 1 When all the elements (4-node shells, 3-node shells, solids) associated to one segment are deleted, the segment is removed from the main side of the interface. It is also removed in case of explicit deletion using Radioss Engine keyword </DEL> in the Engine file. Additionally, non-connected nodes are removed from the secondary side of the interface. = 2 When a 4-node shell, a 3-node shell or a solid element is deleted, the corresponding segment is removed from the main side of the interface. It is also removed in case of explicit deletion using Radioss Engine keyword </DEL> in the Engine file. Additionally, non-connected nodes are removed from the secondary side of the interface. = 1000 (Default) No deletion.
\(I_{edge}\)	Edge contact options. Contact occurs between main and secondary edges which are automatically extracted from \(surf\_ID_{1}\) and \(surf\_ID_{2}\) . Sharp edges for external solid faces are defined using the angle Edge_angle. = 0 Set to the value defined in </DEFAULT/INTER/TYPE25> = 1 The secondary and the main edges are the external border edges of shell segments. There is no edge contact for solid elements. = 11 The secondary edges are the sharp edges of the external solid segments and external border edges of shell segments. The main edges are all edges from external solid segments and external border edges of shell segments. = 13 The secondary edges are the sharp edges of the external solid segments and external border edges of shell segments. The main edges are all edges from external solid segments and all shell segments. = 22 The secondary and main edges are all edges from external solid segments and all edges from shell segments. = 1000 (Default) No edge to edge contact. (Integer)
\(I_{gap0}\)	Gap modification flag for secondary shell nodes on the free edges. =0 Set to 1000 = 1 Set gap to zero for the secondary shell nodes. = 1000 (Default) No change. (Integer)
Inacti	Initial penetration flag. =0 Set to 1000 = -1 All initial penetrations are taken into account. = 5 The main segment is shifted by the initial penetration value \(O_{0.}\) if \(P \geq P_{0}\) , then \(P'=P-P_{0}\) , where \(P_{0}\) is the initial penetration. = 1000 (Default) Only tiny initial penetrations (1.0e-08) will be taken into account. (Integer)

/IMPLICIT

Block Format Keyword

This option allows different default values which are suitable for implicit calculations.

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
</IMPLICIT>

Changed Values

Option	Name	Description	NewValue
/DEF_SHELL_	\(I_{plas}\)	Shell plane stress plasticity flag	1 (iterative projection with three Newton iterations)
	\(I_{shell}\)	Shell formulation flag	24
	\(I_{dril}\)	Drilling degree of freedom stiffness flag	1
/DEF_SOLID_	\(I_{solid}\)	Solid formulation flag	14
/INTER/TYPE7_	Irem_i2	Deactivate the secondary node flag	1

Comments

1. Some default values are different in certain options. See /SPMD_ (Obsolete_) and /INTER_/TYPE24_.

/SPHGLO

Block Format Keyword

Describes the SPH global parameters.

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
</SPHGLO>
\(\alpha_{sort}\)		Maxsph	Lneigh	Nneigh	Isol2sph

Definitions

Field	Contents	SI Unit Example
\(\alpha_{sort}\)	Security coefficient on search for neighbors, so that for each particle more than the actual neighbors are found. This allows reducing the computational time. 1 Maximum value is set to 0.5 Default = 0.25 (Real)
Maxsph	Maximum number of ghost particles allowed to be created at one time. It is used to allocate memory for ghost particles creation. Since v14.0.220, this input is ignored and the memory is dynamically allocated. 2 (Integer)
Lneigh	Maximum number of neighbors to be taken into account for the SPH approximation. Default = 120, if Nneigh = 0 otherwise, = max(120, Nneigh) (Integer)
Nneigh	Maximum number of neighbors Default = 120 (Integer)
Isol2sph	Particle activation process method for Sol2SPH. 7 =0 (Default) Set to 1. =1 Switch of elements to particles based on part. =2 Switch of elements to particles based on subset.

Comments

1. \(\alpha_{sort}\) is a security coefficient which is used when searching for neighbors, so that for each particle more than the actual neighbors are found. This allows reducing the computational time.

Nevertheless, the number of neighbors found within the security distance should not be too large.

It is recommended to set the value of \(\alpha_{sort}\) , so that neighbors next to the neighbors lying at distance 2h into the initial net will be retained (where h is the smoothing length defined into property).

This leads to \(\alpha_{sort}\) =0.25 (default value), if the net is an hexagonal net and is the minimum distance between two particles into the net.

2. Maxsph is the maximum number of ghost particles which will be allowed to be created at one time. It is used to allocate memory for ghost particles creation.

Since v14.0.220, Maxsph is ignored and the memory is dynamically allocated.

Maxsph default’s value is the number of SPH symmetry conditions multiplied by the number of particles, which corresponds to the case of all particles are symmetrized with respect to each conditions and is sufficient to treat any problem.

It is recommended to use the default value for Maxsph.

Nevertheless, all particles do not generally need to be symmetrized with respect to each condition and Maxsph default’s value can lead in specific cases to a large over-estimation of the necessary memory (refer to Maximum Created Number of Ghost Particles ).

3. Nneigh is the maximum number of neighbors to be stored around each particle.

It determines the memory allowed for storing the neighbors within the security distance at each bucket sort (refer to Maximum Stored Number of Neighbors).

4. Lneigh determines the maximum number of particles participating to the SPH approximation around each particle. Thus, the number of particles participating to the SPH approximation around a particle, generally depends on the particle diameter , but is limited to Lneigh.

5. If Nneigh is less than 120, Nneigh is set to 120.

If Nneigh is not equal to 0 and less than Lneigh, Nneigh is set to Lneigh.

6. Setting Nneigh > Lneigh enables reducing the frequency of particles sorting.

7. For Sol2sph:

If Isol2sph=1, if an unreleased particle of a main solid element is within interaction distance of any particle of another solid element belonging to a different part, then both solid elements are deleted and their particles are released.

If Isol2sph=2 the switch is activated only if the solid elements belong to different subsets.

See Also

Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)

Solid to SPH Option (Sol2SPH)

SPH Cell Distribution (Theory Manual)

/STAMPING

Block Format Keyword

This option allows adapting error messages to stamping applications.

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
</STAMPING>

Computation

/AMS

Block Format Keyword

Describes the part group on which the advanced mass scaling is applied.

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
</AMS>
grpart_ID

Definitions

Field	Contents	SI Unit Example
grpart_ID	Part group identifier. (Integer, maximum 10 digits)

Comments

1. Advanced Mass Scaling (AMS) allows setting the time step to a higher value than the usual elementary or nodal time step to the whole model or a group of its parts. </AMS> allows specifying a group parts on which AMS is applied. To minimize computing time, it is advised to also apply classical mass scaling to the parts not belonging to </AMS> part group, otherwise; no AMS processed parts are, by default, computed in natural Elementary time step. If no part group is specified (blank line) or is equal to 0, then AMS is applied to the model in its whole.

2. AMS does not modify the global mass so that the global momentum of the related nodes is conserved. Engine keyword </DT/NODA/CST> (or </DT/INTER/CST>) can coexist with </DT/AMS> for optimized computing time performances when </AMS> is applied to only a group of parts.

3. In order to activate </AMS> on the part group or the entire model, keyword </DT/AMS> (invoking AMS elementary time step) must be present in Engine Input. It should appear only once in the Starter input deck.

4. If </DT/AMS> is present in Radioss Engine Input, option </AMS> is mandatory in Radioss Starter Input. It should appear only once in the Starter input deck.

5. Rigid bodies, involving nodes where AMS applies, can be activated and deactivated with Engine keywords </RBODY/ON> and </OFF>, but not with sensors /SENSOR from Starter.

• When using AMS, it is recommended to set \(I_{stf}\) to 4 and stiffness scale factor set to its default

value for interfaces TYPE7, TYPE11 and TYPE19. It is also recommended to set Iform to 2 (incremental stiffness formulation for Coulomb friction) whenever this formulation is available (for example: interfaces TYPE7, and TYPE19)

• When using AMS and the interfaces TYPE7, TYPE11, and TYPE19 with a

nonlinear penalty stiffness for contact, it may be necessary to use </DT/INTER/DEL> in Radioss Engine input deck; otherwise, AMS may slowly converge, or possibly diverge.

6. When using AMS, it is recommended to set the inertia to spherical (\(I_{spher}\) set to 1) for small rigid bodies.

7. When using AMS, it is advised to set DOMDEC to 5 in option </SPMD> (for versions 11.0.230 and above, set it to 0 and Radioss automatically applies the relevant DOMDEC option).

8. For information about limitations related to AMS, refer to Capabilities and Limitations (AMS) in the User Guide.

9. Automatic element selection for AMS can be activated if </DT/CST_AMS> is present in Engine Input (Refer to /DT/CST_AMS for more information concerning automatic selection). If a group of part is specified alongside with automatic selection then the total element selection for AMS is the sum of the two selections.

See Also

Advanced Mass Scaling Recommended Checklist (User Guide)

Example: Automotive Application

Metal Forming Application Example

RD-E: 4400 Blow Molding with AMS

/ANALY

Block Format Keyword

Defines the type of analysis and sets analysis flags.

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
</ANALY>
\(N_{2D3D}\)		\(I_{parith}\)	\(I_{subcycle}\)

Definitions

Field	Contents	SI Unit Example
\(N_{2D3D}\)	Analysis type. = 0 (Default) Tri-dimensional. = 1 Axisymmetrical. = 2 Plane strain. (Integer)
\(I_{parith}\)	Parallel arithmetic option flag. = 0 (Default) Set to 1. = 1 Parallel arithmetic option is ON. = 2 Parallel arithmetic option is OFF. (Integer)
\(I_{subcycle}\)	Subcycling shell elements flag. = 0 No subcycling. = 2 Subcycling option n2 - in Radioss Starter Input file is only necessary in order for the Radioss Starter to allocate additional memory. (Integer)

Comments

1. \(N_{2D3D}\) define analysis type for both axisymmetrical analysis (\(N_{2D3D}\) =1) and plane strain analysis (\(N_{2D3D}\) =2), the elements must be defined in YZ plane and their normal has to be in the positive x-direction. It is recommended to define the model in the Y+ and Z+ quadrant for 2D analysis (\(N_{2D3D}\) =1, 2). For axisymmetrical analysis mesh of model should never cross the axis Y=0.

• In axisymmetrical analysis (\(N_{2D3D}\) =1), Y is the radial direction

and Z is the axis of revolution.

• In plane strain analysis (\(N_{2D3D}\) =2), X is the plane strain

direction.

2. If parallel arithmetic flag is set ON, the same numerical results will be obtained irrespective of the number of processors used. This result is not guaranteed in case of incompatible kinematic conditions in the model.

3. Subcycling option n2 (new option) may be used in cases where some solid parts have a very low time step compared to the shell structure and the shell structures represent a significant percentage of the number of elements.

4. Subcycling option n2 needs to be activated with the /SHSUB keyword in the Engine Input manual. Subcycling may then be activated but not during the run, it is possible to make a run with subcycling and to switch after restart without subcycling, and vice versa.

See Also

RD-E: 0700 Pendulums

RD-E: 0800 Hopkinson Bar

RD-E: 1900 Wave Propagation

/EIG

Block Format Keyword

Defines the eigen modes and static modes computation for flexible bodies.

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
< /EIG>/eig_ID/unit_ID
eig_title
grnd_ID	grnd_bc	Trarot	Ifile
Nmod	Inorm	Cutfreq		Freqmin
Nbloc	Incv	Niter	Ipri	Tol
Filename

Definitions

Field	Contents	SI Unit Example
eig_ID	Mode identifier. (Integer, maximum 10 digits)
unit_ID	Unit Identifier. (Integer, maximum 10 digits)
eig_title	Mode title. (Character, maximum 100 characters)
grnd_ID	Node group to which the modes will be computed. = 0 Modes are computed for the entire structure. (Integer)
grnd_bc	Node group to which specific eigen modes are applied. 3 = 0 Free eigen modes are computed. ≠ 0 The node group defines a set of interface nodes. (Integer)
Trarot	Codes for translations and rotations. (6 Booleans)
Ifile	Additional modes file flag. 5 (Integer)
Nmod	Maximum number of modes to be computed. Default = 100 (Integer)
Inorm	Eigenvector normalization method flag. = 0 (Default) Eignvectors are normalized to the unit value of the generalized mass. = 1 Eigenvectors are normalized to the unit value of the largest displacement in the analysis set. (Integer)
Cutfreq	Maximum eigen frequency. = 0 All Nmod eigen modes whose frequencies are higher than Freqmin are computed. ≠ 0 At most Nmod eigen modes whose frequencies lie in the frequency range Freqmin, Cutfreq are computed. (Real)	[Hz]
Freqmin	Minimum eigen frequency. 7 Default = 0.001 Hz (Real)	[Hz]
Nbloc	Number of eigen modes per block. 9 ≠ 0 The modes are computed per block of Nbloc eigen modes. = 0 All eigen modes are computed at the same time. (Integer)
Incv	Factor to obtain the number of Lanczos basis vectors to use throughout the computation. 10 Default = 2 (Integer)
Niter	Maximum number of Arnoldi iterations. Default = 300 (Integer)
Ipri	Printout level for ARPACK. Default = 0 (Integer)
Tol	Relative accuracy to which eigen values are to be computed. = 0 The tolerance for eigenvalues accuracy is set to machine precision. Default = 0.0 (Real)
Filename	Additional modes file name. (Character, maximum 100 characters)

Comments

1. This functionality is implemented for the purpose of the generation of flexible bodies. For detailed normal modes analysis of a model the use of the Bulk Data Format is strongly recommended.

2. The use of the implicit option /IMPL/LINEAR_ in the Radioss Engine is required to compute normal modes.

3. Boundary condition corresponding to the codes for translations and rotations are added to these nodes for the computation of eigen modes. Static modes, one for each additional blocked DOF, are computed.

A static mode corresponds to the static response of the structure, all DOF of the set of interface nodes concerned by additional boundary conditions being blocked; except one taking the one value.

4. The codes for translations and rotations follow the same rule as for the /BCS_ option.

5. If Ifile ≠ 0: An additional file is provided containing pre-computed modes from a normal modes analysis, either experimental or numerical. These modes are used to reduce the dimension of the space in which eigenvalues are sought and thus enhance efficiency.

If Ifile = 1, the additional file is given in a format defined in External Modes File.

6. Multi-level condensation is no longer supported.

7. The default (if set blank or zero) for Freqmin is 0.001 Hz. If a value other than zero is entered, that value defines a frequency in the unit system set for </EIG>. The capability of computing rigid body modes is not fully implemented. It is recommended to either sufficiently constrain the model or to select a value for Freqmin that is high enough to eliminate all rigid body modes.

8. Eigen modes are computed using ARPACK software (R. Lehoucq, K. Maschhoff, D. Sorensen, C. Yang).

Figure 1:

9. Better precision is achieved when only a small number of eigen modes are computed simultaneously.

10. The number of Lanczos basis vectors to use through the course of the computation is given from the number of required eigenvalues per block (or total if Nbloc = 0) by the formula:

\(N_{Lanczos vectors} = N_{required eigenvalues}\) * Incv.

11. For the post-processing of modes shapes in HyperView, Radioss Starter input file (*000.rad) should be chosen in the Load Model panel and the first output animation file (*A001 which contains the first mode) in the Load Result panel.

/PARAMETER

Block Format Keyword

This card defines values of parameters in the Starter file that will be used throughout the Radioss model.

The values replace the corresponding parameter names in various Radioss cards. The option allows easier parameterization of the model.

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
</PARAMETER> /*type/Parameter_ID
parameter_title

If type = INTEGER

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
ParName	Ivalue

If type = REAL

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
ParName	Rvalue

If type = INT_EXPR or REAL_EXPR

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
ParName	Expression
… Expression …
Up to 10 lines

If type = TEXT

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
ParName	Length

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
Text
Up to 10 lines

Definitions

Field	Contents	SI Unit Example
range	GLOBAL Parameter value is used everywhere in the input deck. LOCAL Parameter value is used only inside of a certain submodel. Note that GLOBAL parameter definition with same parameter name will be overwritten.
type	Parameter type: INTEGER Integer value REAL Real value INT_EXPR Equation of integer parameters REAL_EXPR Equation of real parameters TEXT Text characters
Parameter_ID	Parameter identifier. (Integer, maximum 10 digits)
parameter_title	Parameter title. (Character, maximum 100 characters)
ParName	Parameter name. 3 (Character string, maximum of 9 characters and MUST be aligned to the left of the field for all types, except type=TEXT)
Ivalue	Parameter integer value. (Integer, maximum 10 digits)
Rvalue	Parameter real value. (Real, maximum 20 digits)
Expression	Parameter expression. 6
Length	Length of character parameter. =0 The full line is read. (Integer, maximum 100 digits)
Text	Parameter character text. (Character string, maximum of 100 characters)

Example 1

#RADIOSS STARTER
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/PARAMETER/GLOBAL/REAL/1
Time to fire
TTF                           10
/PARAMETER/GLOBAL/INTEGER/2
Identifier to sensor
SENS_ID                       1
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
. . .
/BEGIN
. . .
/SENSOR/TIME/&SENS_ID
Airbag fire time use global parameter TTF=10.0
&TTF
. . .
//SUBMODEL/1
# sub-model title
submodel
#  Off_dft  Off_nod  Off_elt  Off_part    Off_mat  Off_prop
   0        0        0        0           0        0
#include airbag_submodel.inc
//ENDSUB
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
. . .
/END

# In include file “airbag_submodel.inc”:
/PARAMETER/LOCAL/REAL/1
Time to fire
TTF         20
. . .
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/SENSOR/TIME/2
Use local parameter TTF, it is now covered to 20.0 inside
include file
&TTF
. . .
#ENDDATA

Example 2

#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/PARAMETER/GLOBAL/INTEGER/8
surf part for airbag
s_part            4
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
. . .
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/SURF/PART/4
Airbag - surf normal of part 4 reversed with -4
      2-&s_part              5         6         7         8
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/END

Example 3

#RADIOSS STARTER
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/PARAMETER/GLOBAL/REAL/2
Molar mass of inflating gas
MW                         .025
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/PARAMETER/GLOBAL/REAL/3
Cp heat constant molar
CPM                          13
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/PARAMETER/GLOBAL/REAL_EXPR/4
Cp heat constant mass
CP CPM/MW
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/PARAMETER/GLOBAL/REAL/9
Molar mass of inflating gas
MW1                        .024
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|

Example 4

#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/PARAMETER/GLOBAL/TEXT/7
text parameter for part 5
var
1         1         0
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
. . .                                                                 |  |
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/PART/5
Chamber_2_lower
&var
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|

Example 5

Rotation axe X
RotX               5
   XX
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
. . .
#---1----|----2----|----3----|----4----|----5----|----6----|----7----|----8----|----9----|---10----|
/IMPDISP/1
Top 2
#  Ifunct      DIR      Iskew    Isensor  Gnod_id     Frame     Icoor
        5    &RotX          0          0       24         0         0
#          Scale_x               Scale_y             Tstart               Tstop
                 0           3.141592654                  0                   0

Example 6

Text parameter definition:

/PARAMETER/GLOBAL/TEXT/1
Update output
Name 12
EXAMPLE_TEXT
…….

Text parameter reference. Text parameter is stitched with text string “123456”:

/TH/NODE/2
&Name$123456
#   var1   var2   var3   var4   var5   var6   var7   var8   var9   var10    DEF
#   NODid  Iskew                             NODname
        5         0&Name$123456
After parameter replacement:
TH GROUP:         2,EXAMPLE_TEXT123456     ,  6  VAR,    1 NODE     :
-------------------
DX        DY      DZ       VX       VY       VZ
   NODE     SKEW(OR FRAME)    NAME
      5     0        0EXAMPLE_TEXT123456

Comments

1. </PARAMETER/LOCAL> cards can be specified and used only inside of a submodel (<//SUBMODEL>). Local parameter overwrites a global parameter definition with the same name inside of the submodel, where it is specified. Local parameters can be specified in any part of submodel.

2. <ParName> requirements:

• Only letters, numbers, and underscores are valid characters; no

other characters are allowed.

• Parameter names must always begin with a letter and are case

sensitive; for example, Thickness, THICKNESS, and thickness are all different variable names.

• Parameter names cannot be words reserved for Templex statements,

implicit variables, or string and mathematical functions or operators defined in the Math Reference section of the HyperWorks Reference Guide. These reserved words are not case sensitive; for example, Time, time, TIME, Date, date, DATE are not valid parameter names because Time and Date are math functions.

• Names of include files, and keywords cannot be used as parameters.

3. Parameters with a name ParName can be referenced after </BEGIN> card for global parameters and in any place of submodel for local parameters, using the syntax, <&ParName>. Multiple references of such parameters are possible.

4. The <&ParName> input found after </BEGIN> is replaced by the corresponding parameter value or keyword identifier starting at the location of the & in the variable name extending 10 digits for an integer, 20 digits for a real value, and Length input value for type=TEXT.

The character ‘&’ can be used in the model only for referring parameters or keyword identifiers. It should not be used in card titles that are not defined as parameters.

In Example_ 1, a parameter named “TTF” is defined in the </PARAMETER> card. The value of the parameter (10) is aligned to the left of the field. The parameter is used with an additional prefix “&”, in the /SENSOR_ card.

5. If the minus (-) sign is used before the prefix “&”, as:

<-&ParName>

Then, the value of the parameter is multiplied by -1. In this case, <ParName> must not exceed 8 digits.

For example (Example_ 2), if you need exchange external surface normal for airbag.

• Set parameter s_part=4 and specific <-&s_part> in surface definition, then a value of “-4” will

be substituted for <-&s_part>. -> shell normal reversed.

• Set parameter s_part=-4 and specific &s_part in surface

definition, then a value of “-4” will be substituted for &s_part. -> shell normal reversed.

• Set parameter s_part=-4 and specific <-&s_part> in surface

definition, then a value of “4” will be substituted for <-&s_part>”. -> shell normal not reversed.

6. The expression parameter cards, type /INT_EXPR or /REAL_EXPR accept parameters as arguments. These argument parameters should be defined before these expression parameter cards in the input deck. The expression results are calculated to a maximum accuracy of 12 digits. The external templex program is used to evaluate expressions. Refer to Expression_ Operators_ for more information.

In Example_ 3, parameters MW and CPM are defined before the expression parameter card type /REAL_EXPR. The expression parameter card (/4) calculates the value of CP which is equal to CPM/MW. The value MW1 cannot be used in this expression parameter card (/4) because it is defined after the /REAL_EXPR card. If CPM/MW1 is specified in the expression parameter card (/4), the program runs into an error.

7. During the execution of the expression parameter types INT_EXPR or REAL_EXPR, Radioss Starter calls an external executable: <templex>. This program is available in the standard HyperWorks installation. The call to <templex.exe> is automatically managed by the Compute Console (ACC) or the Radioss run script. Refer to Run_ Radioss_.

8. If the Compute Console (ACC) or the Radioss run script is not used, the following environment variables need to be defined:

• <TEMPLEX_PATH>

Windows: <=%ALTAIR_HOME%\hw\bin\[win64]\>

Linux: <$ALTAIR_HOME/hw/bin/linux64/>

• On Linux, update <LD_LIBRARY_PATH> with the following path:

<$ALTAIR_HOME/hw/tcl/tcl[version]/linux64/lib;$ALTAIR_HOME/hw/bin/linux64; $ALTAIR_HOME/hw/lib/ linux64>

Note: The fields within [ ] will need to be updated with the correct values.

9. Type could also be TEXT.

In Example_ 4, the string ” 1 1 0” is defined for TEXT parameter “var”. This parameter is used in part definition. The property ID 1 and material ID 1 have been set for part 5.

10. TEXT type parameter can be used to specify the direction for an imposed movement. Since the text input to </IMPDISP> must be right justified, the <&RotX> must be right justified when entered. Since <&RotX> is 5 characters long, Length=5 and the text must be entered as 5 characters right justified, “ XX”: See Example_ 5.

11. TEXT type parameter can be stitched together with character “$”: See Example_ 6.

/PERTURB/FAIL/BIQUAD

Block Format Keyword

This option can be used to study the robustness of a design by generating different failure values for every shell element using the failure model. The random noise scale factors can have either a normal (Gaussian) distribution or random distribution.

Format

(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
</PERTURB/FAIL/BIQUAD> /ID
perturb_title
F_Mean		Deviation		Min_cut		Max_cut		Seed	Idistri
fail_ID	parameter

Definitions

Field	Contents	SI Unit Example
ID	Perturb identifier. (Integer, maximum 10 digit)
perturb_title	Perturb title. (Character, maximum 100 characters)
F_Mean	Mean value of the random noise scale factor. (Real)
Deviation	Standard deviation for the normal distribution Only used when Idistri = 2. (Real)
Min_cut	Minimum value for random noise scale factor. Must be entered when using Idistri=1, random distribution. If random value is < Min_cut, random value is replaced with Min_cut. (Real)

| (Real) | |

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